引言
1. The recipe is in E. Topp and M. Howard, The Complete Book of Small-Batch Preserving (Buffalo: Firefly Books, 2007), 174.
2. S. Pinker, The Language Instinct (New York: HarperPerennial, 1994).
3. J. Vernon, Hunger: A Modern History (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2007).
第一章 酥脆
1. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, New Light on a Hidden Trea sure: International Year of the Potato (Rome: FAO, 2009).
2. S. Tsuji, Japanese Cooking: A Simple Art (Tokyo: Kodansha, 2006).
3. S. K. Srivastava, N. Babu, and H. Pandey, "Traditional Insect Bioprospecting—As Human Food and Medicine," Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 8 (2009): 485–494.
4. Ibid., 486.
5. M. Harris, Good to Eat: Riddles of Food and Culture (Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland, 1998).
6. L. M. Berzok, American Indian Food (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2005).
7. C. Stanford, J. S. Allen, and S. C. Antón, Biological Anthropology: The Natural History of Humankind, 2nd ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 2009).
8. S. Freidberg, Fresh: A Perishable History (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2009).
9. Ibid.
10. J. Steingarten, The Man Who Ate Everything (New York: Vintage Books, 1997), 177.
11. A. J. Marshall and R. W. Wrangham, "Evolutionary Consequences of Fallback Foods," International Journal of Primatology 28 (2007): 1219–1235.
12. J. E. Lambert, "Seasonality, Fallback Strategies, and Natural Selection: A Chimpanzee and Cercopithecoid Model for Interpreting the Evolution of the Hominin Diet," in Evolution of the Human Diet: The Known, the Unknown, and the Unknowable, ed. P. S. Ungar, 324–343 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007).
13. H. McGee, On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen (New York: Scribner, 2004), 778.
14. S. W. Mintz, Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern His tory (New York: Penguin, 1985).
15. McGee, On Food and Cooking, 14; S. Kawamura, "Seventy Years of the Maillard Reaction," in The Maillard Reactions in Foods and Nutrition, ACS Symposium Series, vol. 215, ed. G. R. Waller and M. S. Feather, 3–18(Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1983).
16. McGee, On Food and Cooking, 304.
17. R. Wrangham, Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human (New York: Basic Books, 2009).
18. Stanford, Allen, and Antón, Biological Anthropology, 8; J. S. Allen, The Lives of the Brain: Human Evolution and the Organ of Mind (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2009).
19. L. Aiello and C. Dean, An Introduction to Human Evolutionary Anat omy (San Diego: Academic Press, 1990).
20. Ibid.; J. Nolte, The Human Brain: An Introduction to Its Functional Anatomy, 5th ed. (St. Louis: Mosby, 2002); J. S. Allen, The Lives of the Brain: Human Evolution and the Organ of Mind.
21. A. Damasio, The Feeling of What Happens (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1999).
22. J. P. Lund et al., "Brainstem Mechanisms Underlying Feeding Behavior," Current Opinion in Neurobiology 8 (1998): 718–724; J. P. Lund and A. Kolta, "Brainstem Circuits That Control Mastication: Do They Have Anything to Say during Speech?" Journal of Communication Disorders 39(2006): 381–390.
23. M. Onozuka et al., "Mapping Brain Region Activity during Chewing: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study," Journal of Dental Research 81 (2002): 743–746; T. Tamura et al., "Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Human Jaw Movements," Journal of Oral Rehabilitation 30(2003): 614–622.
24. T. Takada and T. Miyamoto, "A Fronto-Parietal Network for Chewing Gum: A Study on Human Subjects with Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging," Neuroscience Letters 360 (2004): 137.
25. Nolte, The Human Brain.
26. B. Pfleiderer et al., "Visualization of Auditory Habituation by fMRI," NeuroImage 17 (2002): 1705–1710.
27. N. Osaka, "Walk- Related Mimic Word Activates the Extrastriate Visual Cortex in the Human Brain: An fMRI Study," Behavioural Brain Research 198 (2009): 186–189; N. Osaka et al., "A Word Expressing Affective Pain Activates the Anterior Cingulate Cortex in the Human Brain: An fMRI Study," Behavioural Brain Research 153 (2004): 123–127.
28. L. Bidel, P. Jackson, and P. Rainville, "Brain Responses to Facial Expressions of Pain: Emotional or Motor Mirroring?" NeuroImage 53 (2010): 355–363.
29. J. Munzert, B. Lorey, and K. Zentgraf, "Cognitive Motor Pro cesses: The Role of Motor Imagery in the Study of Motor Repre sen ta tions," Brain Research Reviews 60 (2009): 306–326.
第二章 双足、大头、小脸的超级杂食猿类
1. C. Stanford, J. S. Allen, and S. C. Antón, Biological Anthropology: The Natural History of Humankind, 2nd ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: PrenticeHall, 2009).
2. C. B. Stanford, Upright: The Evolutionary Key to Becoming Human (New York: Houghton Miffl in Harcourt, 2003).
3. P. S. Ungar, F. E. Grine, and M. F. Teaford, "Dental Microwear and Diet of the Plio- Pleistocene Hominin Paranthropus boisei," PLoS One 3 (2008): e2044; M. Sponheimer et al., "Isotopic Evidence for Dietary Variability in Early Hominin Paranthropus robustus," Science 314 (2006): 980–982; T. E. Cerling et al., "Diet of Paranthropus boisei in the Early Pleistocene of East Africa," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108 (2011): 9337–9341.
4. J. S. Allen, The Lives of the Brain: Human Evolution and the Organ of Mind (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2009).
5. M. S. Springer et al., "Placental Mammal Diversifi cation and the Cretaceous- Tertiary Boundary," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100 (2003): 1056–1061.
6. Stanford, Allen, and Antón, Biological Anthropology.
7. M. Cartmill, "Rethinking Primate Origins," Science 184 (1974): 436–443.
8. R. W. Sussman, "Primate Origins and the Evolution of Angio sperms," American Journal of Primatology 23 (1991): 209–223.
9. R. F. Kay, C. Ross, and B. A. Williams, "Anthropoid Origins," Science 275 (1997): 797–804.
10. K. Milton, "The Critical Role Played by Animal Source Foods in Human (Homo) Evolution," Journal of Nutrition 133 (2003): 3886S–3892S; S. B. Eaton and M. J. Konner, "Paleolithic Nutrition: A Consideration of Its Nature and Current Implications," New En gland Journal of Medicine 312 (1985): 283–289; S. B. Eaton, S. B. Eaton III, and M. J. Konner, "Paleolithic Nutrition Revisited," in Evolutionary Medicine, ed. W. R. Trevathan, E. O. Smith, and J. J. McKenna, 313–332 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999).
11. S. L. Washburn, "Australopithecines: The Hunters or the Hunted?"American Anthropologist 59 (1957): 612–614, quote from 612.
12. R. A. Dart, "The Predatory Implemental Technique of Australo pithecus," American Journal of Physical Anthropology 7 (1949): 1–38.
13. C. K. Brain, The Hunters or the Hunted? (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981).
14. J. D. Speth and E. Tchernov, "Neandertal Hunting and MeatProcessing in the Near East: Evidence from Kebara Cave (Israel)," in Meat- Eating and Human Evolution, ed. C. B. Stanford and H. T. Bunn, 52–72 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001).
15. H. T. Bunn, "Hunting, Power Scavenging, and Butchering by Hadza Foragers and by Plio- Pleistocene Homo," in Meat- Eating and Human Evolution, ed. C. B. Stanford and H. T. Bunn, 199–218 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001).
16. H. T. Bunn and C. B. Stanford, "Conclusions: Research Trajectories on Hominid Meat- Eating," in Meat- Eating and Human Evolution, ed. C. B. Stanford and H. T. Bunn, 350–359 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001),quote from 356.
17. S. B. Laughlin, "Energy as a Constraint on the Coding and Processing of Sensory Information," Current Opinion in Neurobiology 11 (2001): 475–480.
18. Allen, Lives of the Brain.
19. J. W. Mink, R. J. Blumenschine, and D. B. Adams, "Ratio of Central Ner vous System to Body Metabolism in Vertebrates: Its Constancy and Functional Basis," American Journal of Physiology 241 (1981): R203–R212.
20. Milton, "Critical Role Played by Animal Source Foods."
21. Ibid.
22. L. Aiello and P. Wheeler, "The Expensive- Tissue Hypothesis: The Brain and the Digestive System in Human and Primate Evolution," Current Anthropology 36 (1995): 199–221.
23. An alternative anatomical trade- off was proposed by Karin Isler and Carel van Schaik, who looked to see if there was a trade- off between brain size and gut size in birds. They did not fi nd any relationship between the two variables. However, they did fi nd a trade- off between brain size and some of the muscles used in fl ight: birds that engage in short fl ights or have high fl apping rates have smaller brains than those that soar or glide more. Even though muscle is not an expensive tissue metabolically, if there is enough of it, it can potentially be an important target for an energy trade- off. Isler and van Schaik hypothesized that there could have been a trade- off in hominid evolution if bipedality resulted in lower locomotor costs, which could have allowed more energy to be available to support a larger brain. K. Isler and C. van Schaik, "Costs of Encephalization: The Energy Trade- off Hypothesis Tested on Birds," Journal of Human Evolution 51 (2006): 228–243. See also Allen, Lives of the Brain, 185–189.
24. C. M. Hladik, D. J. Chivers, and P. Pasquet, "On Diet and Gut Size in Non- Human Primates and Humans: Is There a Relationship to Brain Size?" Current Anthropology 40 (1999): 695–697; J. L. Fish and C. A. Lockwood, "Dietary Constraints on Encephalization in Primates," American Journal of Physical Anthropology 120 (2003): 171–181.
25. F. H. Previc, "Dopamine and the Origins of Human Intelligence,"Brain and Cognition 41 (1999): 299–350.
26. S. C. Cunnane and M. A. Crawford, "Survival of the Fattest: Fat Babies Were Keys to Evolution of the Large Human Brain," Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A 136 (2003): 17–26.
27. Ibid.; M. A. Crawford et al., "Evidence for the Unique Function of Docosahexaenoic Acid during the Evolution of the Modern Human Brain,"Lipids 34 (1999): S39–S47.
28. J. H. Langdon, "Has an Aquatic Diet Been Necessary for Hominin Brain Evolution and Functional Development?" British Journal of Nutrition 96 (2006): 7–17; S. L. Robson, "Breast Milk, Diet, and Large Human Brains," Current Anthropology 45 (2004): 419–425.
29. C. B. Stringer et al., "Neanderthal Exploitation of Marine Mam mals in Gibraltar," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105 (2008): 14319–14324.
30. Ibid., 14320.
31. J. C. Joordens et al., "Relevance of Aquatic Environments for Hominins: A Case Study from Trinil (Java, Indonesia)," Journal of Human Evolution 57 (2009): 656–671.
32. P. S. Ungar, F. E. Grine, and M. F. Teaford, "Diet in Early Homo: A Review of the Evidence and a New Model of Adaptive Versatility," Annual Review of Anthropology 35 (2006): 209–228.
33. W. C. McGrew, The Cultured Chimpanzee: Refl ections on Cultural Pri matology (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
34. J. Holtzman, Uncertain Tastes: Memory, Ambivalence, and the Politics of Eating in Samburu, Northern Kenya (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009), quote from 94.
35. Ibid., 95.
36. P. Farb and G. Armelagos, Consuming Passions: The Anthropology of Eating (Boston: Houghton Miffl in, 1980).
37. Ibid., 207. Of course, extended periods of food stress or shortage can have a cumulative effect that could indeed pose a threat to the long- term survival of a group or culture.
38. A. L. Kroeber, "The Superorganic," American Anthropologist 19 (1917): 163–213; A. L. Kroeber, Anthropology: Race, Language, Culture, Psychology, Prehistory (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1948).
39. M. Verdon, " ‘The Superorganic,’ or Kroeber's Hidden Agenda," Philosophy of the Social Sciences 40 (2010): 375–398.
40. P. Bellwood, "The Dispersals of Established Food- Producing Populations," Current Anthropology 50 (2009): 621–626.
41. G. W. Stocking, Race, Culture, and Evolution: Essays in the History of Anthropology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982).
42. M. Sahlins, Stone- Age Economics (Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter, 1972).
43. A. S. Wiley and J. S. Allen, Medical Anthropology: A Biocultural Ap proach (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009).
44. D. Cook, "Subsistence Base and Health in the Lower Illinois Valley: Evidence from the Human Skeleton," Medical Anthropology 4 (1979): 109–124.
45. J. V. Neel, "Diabetes Mellitus: A Thrifty Genotype Rendered Detrimental by ‘Progress’?" American Journal of Human Ge ne tics 14 (1962): 353–362; J. V. Neel, "The Thrifty Genotype Revisited," in The Ge ne tics of Diabetes Mellitus, ed. J. Kobberling and R. Tattersall, 283–293 (London: Academic Press, 1982).
46. J. S. Allen and S. M. Cheer, "The Non- Thrifty Genotype," Current Anthropology 37 (1996): 831–842; see also Wiley and Allen, Medical Anthropology, 96–100.
47. T. B. Gage and S. DeWitte, "What Do We Know about the Agricultural Demographic Transition?" Current Anthropology 50 (2009): 649–655.
48. S. B. Eaton and M. J. Konner, "Paleolithic Nutrition: A Consideration of Its Nature and Current Implications," New En gland Journal of Medicine 312 (1985): 283–289.
49. Eaton, Eaton, and Konner, "Paleolithic Nutrition Revisited."
50. S. Lindeberg, "Modern Human Physiology with Respect to Evolutionary Adaptations That Relate to Diet in the Past," in The Evolution of Hominin Diets: Integrating Approaches to the Study of Palaeolithic Subsistence, ed. J. - J. Hublin and M. P. Richards, 43–57 (New York: Springer, 2009), quote from 52.
51. S. Lindeberg et al., "A Paleolithic Diet Improves Glucose Tolerance More than a Mediterranean- Like Diet in Individuals with Ischaemic Heart Disease," Diabetologia 50 (2007): 1795–1807.
52. G. Cochran and H. Harpending, The 10,000 Year Explosion (New York: Basic Books, 2009).
第三章 食物与感官的脑
Epigraph from M. F. K. Fisher, The Art of Eating, published by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. Copyright © 1937, 1941, 1942, 1948, 1949, 1954, 1990, 2004 by M. F. K. Fisher. Reprinted with permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc., and Lescher & Lescher, Ltd. All rights reserved.
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3. Kamp, United States of Arugula.
4. M. Pollan, In Defense of Food: An Eater's Manifesto (New York: Pen guin, 2008).
5. R. L. Spang, The Invention of the Restaurant: Paris and Modern Gastro nomic Culture (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000).
6. Ibid., 146–169.
7. Ibid., 150–160.
8. Ibid., 158.
9. M. Montanari, Food Is Culture, trans. A. Sonnenfeld (New York: Columbia University Press, 2006), quote from 61.
10. J. A. Brillat- Savarin, The Physiology of Taste, or Meditations on Tran scendental Gastronomy, trans. M. F. K. Fisher (New York: Alfred Knopf, 2009 [1825]), quote from 168.
11. This discussion of taste physiology is derived from D. U. Silverthorn, Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 2nd ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2001), and J. B. West, ed., Physiological Basis of Medical Practice, 12th ed. (Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1990).
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15. J. Nolte, The Human Brain: An Introduction to Its Functional Anatomy, 5th ed. (St. Louis: Mosby, 2002).
16. Rolls, "Smell, Taste, Texture, and Temperature."
17. Ibid., S193.
18. U. Sautter, "Dining in the Dark," Time, July 22, 2002; R. Long,"Dining in the Dark," AmericanWay, March 15, 2010.
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21. M. L. Kringelbach and A. Stein, "Cortical Mechanisms of Human Eating"; Rolls, "Smell, Taste, Texture, and Temperature."
22. A. Escoffi er, Memories of My Life, trans. L. Escoffi er (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1997).
23. I. E. T. de Araujo et al., "Repre sen ta tion of Umami Taste in the Human Brain," Journal of Neurophysiology 90 (2003): 313–319.
24. Silverthorn, Human Physiology: West, Physiological Basis of Medical Practice.
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34. Drayna, "Human Taste Ge ne tics."
35. Tepper, "Nutritional Implications of Ge ne tic Taste Variation"; B. J. Tepper et al., "Ge ne tic Variation in Taste Sensitivity to 6- n-propylthiouracil and Its Relationship to Taste Perception and Food Selection," Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1170 (2009): 126–139.
36. N. Soranzo et al., "Positive Selection on a High- Sensitivity Allele of the Human Bitter- Taste Receptor TAS2R16," Current Biology 15 (2005): 1257–1265.
37. S. Wooding et al., "Natural Selection and Molecular Evolution in PTC, a Bitter- Taste Receptor Gene," American Journal of Human Ge ne tics 74 (2004): 637–646.
38. Ibid.
39. J. C. Wang et al., "Functional Variants in TAS2R38 and TAS2R16 Infl uence Alcohol Consumption in High- Risk Families of African- American Origin," Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 31 (2007): 209–215.
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43. C. B. Stanford, The Hunting Apes: Meat Eating and the Origins of Human Behavior (Prince ton: Prince ton University Press, 1999). Quote from p. 200.
44. M. F. K. Fisher, The Art of Eating, 50th Anniversary Edition (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2004). Quote from p. 584.
45. C. Lévi- Strauss, The Raw and the Cooked (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983 [1969]), quote from 269.
46. K. Shopsin and C. Carre?o, Eat Me: The Food and Philosophy of Kenny Shopsin (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2008), 91.
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50. Rolls, Sienkiewicz, and Yaxley, "Hunger Modulates the Responses."
第四章 多吃点，少吃点
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27. T. Kelesidis et al., "Narrative Review: The Role of Leptin in Human Physiology: Emerging Clinical Applications," Annals of Internal Medicine 152 (2010): 93–100.
28. M. Rosenbaum et al., "Low- Dose Leptin Reverses Skeletal Muscle, Autonomic, and Neuroendocrine Adaptations to Maintenance of Reduced Weight," Journal of Clinical Investigation 115 (2005): 3579–3586.
29. M. Rosenbaum et al., "Leptin Reverses Weight Loss- Induced Changes in Regional Neural Activity Responses to Visual Food Stimuli," Journal of Clinical Investigation 118 (2008): 2583–2591. The analysis of the data from this fMRI study was a bit complicated in that there were scans done before and after weight loss and comparing subjects who had received leptin after weight loss with those who had received a placebo. For both the before and after conditions, multiple brain areas are activated upon viewing the food items, refl ecting the fact that food can be a complex stimulus simultaneously activating several cognitive networks.
30. Ibid., 2587.
31. A. J. Ho et al., "Obesity Is Linked with Lower Brain Volume in 700 AD and MCI Patients," Neurobiology of Aging 31 (2010): 1326–1339.
32. J. S. Allen, J. Bruss, and H. Damasio, "Normal Neuroanatomical Variation Due to Age: The Major Lobes and a Parcellation of the Temporal Region," Neurobiology of Aging 26 (2005): 1245–1260.
33. J. S. Allen, J. Bruss, and H. Damasio, "The Aging Brain: The Cognitive Reserve Hypothesis and Hominid Evolution," American Journal of Human Biology 17 (2005): 673–689.
34. S. Debette et al., "Visceral Fat Is Associated with Lower Brain Volume in Healthy Middle- Aged Adults," Annals of Neurology 68 (2010): 136–144; S. Gazdinski et al., "Body Mass Index and Magnetic Resonance Markers of Brain Integrity in Adults," Annals of Neurology 63 (2008): 652–657.
35. D. Gustafson et al., "A 24- Year Follow- Up of Body Mass Index and Cerebral Atrophy," Neurology 63 (2004): 1876–1881.
36. Y. Taki et al., "Relationship between Body Mass Index and Gray Matter Volume in 1,428 Healthy Individuals," Obesity 16 (2008): 119–124.
37. N. Pannacciulli et al., "Brain Abnormalities in Human Obesity: A Voxel- Based Morphometric Study," NeuroImage 31 (2006): 1419–1425.
38. C. A. Raji et al., "Brain Structure and Obesity," Human Brain Mapping 31 (2010): 353–364.
39. A. J. Ho, "A Commonly Carried Allele of the Obesity- Related FTO Gene Is Associated with Reduced Brain Volume in the Healthy El der ly,"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107 (2010): 8404–8409.
40. A. J. Ho et al., "Obesity Is Linked with Lower Brain Volume."
41. Ibid.
42. R. D. Terry and R. Katzman, "Life Span and the Synapses: Will There Be a Primary Senile Dementia?" Neurobiology of Aging 22 (2001): 347–348.
43. American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1994).
44. G. - J. Wang et al., "Evidence of Gender Differences in the Ability to Inhibit Brain Activation Elicited by Food Stimulation," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106 (2009): 1249–1254.
45. P. K. Keel et al., "A 20- Year Longitudinal Study of Body Weight, Dieting, and Eating Disorder Symptoms," Journal of Abnormal Psychology 116 (2007): 422–432.
46. L. Passamonti et al., "Personality Predicts the Brain's Response to Viewing Appetizing Foods: The Neural Basis of a Risk Factor for Overeating," Journal of Neuroscience 29 (2009): 43–51.
47. J. M. McCaffrey et al., "Differential Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Response to Food Pictures in Successful Weight- Loss Maintainers Relative to Normal- Weight and Obese Controls," American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 90 (2009): 928–934.
48. E. Abrahams and M. Silver, "The Case for Personalized Medicine," Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology 3 (2009): 680–684.
49. T. B. Gustafson and D. B. Sarwer, "Childhood Sexual Abuse and Obesity," Obesity Reviews 5 (2004): 129–135.
50. Kessler, The End of Overeating.
51. M. J. Morris, E. S. Na, and A. K. Johnson, "Salt Craving: The Psychobiology of Pathogenic Sodium Intake," Physiology and Behavior 94(2008): 709–721.
52. M. Lutter and E. J. Nestler, "Homeostatic and Hedonic Signals Interact in the Regulation of Food Intake," Journal of Nutrition 139 (2009): 629–632, quote from 629. See also J. A. Corsica and M. L. Pelchat, "Food Addiction: True or False?" Current Opinion in Gastroenterology 26 (2010): 165–169; M. L. Pelchat, "Food Addiction in Humans," Journal of Nutrition 139 (2009): 620–622.
53. P. Rozin, "Psychobiological Perspectives on Food Preferences and Avoidances," in Food and Evolution: Toward a Theory of Human Food Habits, ed. M. Harris and E. B. Ross, 181–205 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1987); M. Lafourcade et al., "Nutritional Omega- 3 Defi ciency Abolishes Endocannabinoid- Mediated Neuronal Functions," Nature Neuroscience 14 (2011): 345–350.
54. M. J. Morris, E. S. Na, and A. K. Johnson, "Salt Craving."
55. P. M. Johnson and P. J. Kenny, "Dopamine D2 Receptors in Addiction- Like Reward Dysfunction and Compulsive Eating in Obese Rats," Nature Neuroscience 13 (2010): 635–641.
56. G. J. Wang et al., "Brain Dopamine and Obesity," Lancet 357 (2001): 354–357.
57. J. A. Mennella et al., "Sweet Preferences and Analgesia during Childhood: Effects of Family History of Alcoholism and Depression,"Addiction 105 (2010): 666–677.
58. E. Stice et al., "Relation of Reward from Food Intake and Anticipated Food Intake to Obesity: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study," Journal of Abnormal Psychology 117 (2008): 924–935.
59. E. Stice et al., "Reward Circuitry Responsivity to Food Predicts Future Increases in Body Mass: Moderating Effects of DRD2 and DRD4,"NeuroImage 50 (2010): 1618–1625.
60. Some substances that we think of as drugs may be consumed in a food- like manner, thus confl ating hedonic drug and food mechanisms. See R. J. Sullivan and E. H. Hagen, "Psychotropic Substance- Seeking: Evolutionary Pathology or Adaptation?" Addiction 97 (2002): 389–400.
61. M. R. Lowe and M. L. Butryn, "Hedonic Hunger: A New Dimension of Appetite?" Physiology and Behavior 91 (2007): 432–439.
62. Ibid., 438.
63. American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual.
64. J. J. Brumberg, Fasting Girls.
65. J. E. Mitchell and S. Crow, "Medical Complications of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa," Current Opinion in Psychiatry 19 (2006): 438–443; S. Nielsen, "Epidemiology and Mortality of Eating Disorders,"Psychiatric Clinics of North America 24 (2001): 201–214.
66. E. Lambe et al., "Cerebral Gray Matter Volume Defi cits after Weight Recovery from Anorexia Nervosa," Archives of General Psychiatry 54(1997): 537–542; G. K. Frank, U. F. Bailer, S. Henry, A. Wagner, and W. H. Kaye, "Neuroimaging Studies in Eating Disorders," CNS Spectrums 9(2004): 539–548.
67. American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual.
68. C. M. Bulik et al., "Twin Studies of Eating Disorders: A Review," International Journal of Eating Disorders 27 (2000): 1–20.
69. S. Bordo, "Anorexia Nervosa: Psychopathology as the Crystallization of Culture," in Food and Culture: A Reader, ed. C. Counihan and P. van Esterik, 2nd ed., 162–186 (New York: Routledge, 2008 [1996]), 170.
70. W. H. Kaye, J. L. Fudge, and M. Paulus, "New Insights into Symptoms and Neurocircuit Function of Anorexia Nervosa," Nature Reviews Neuroscience 10 (2009): 573–584.
71. A. J. W. Scheurink et al., "Neurobiology of Hyperactivity and Reward: Agreeable Restlessness in Anorexia Nervosa," Physiology and Behavior 100 (2010): 490–495.
72. W. H. Kaye, J. L. Fudge, and M. Paulus, "New Insights." Quote from page 581.
73. M. N. Miller and A. J. Pumareiga, "Culture and Eating Disorders: A Historical and Cross- Cultural Review," Psychiatry 64 (2001): 93–110.
74. A. E. Becker, "Tele vi sion, Disordered Eating, and Young Women in Fiji: Negotiating Body Image and Identity during Rapid Social Change,"Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry 28 (2004): 533–559; A. E. Becker et al.,"Facets of Acculturation and Their Diverse Relations to Body Shape Concern in Fiji," International Journal of Eating Disorders 40 (2007): 42–50.
75. M. A. Katzman and S. Lee, "Beyond Body Image: The Integration of Feminist and Transcultural Theories in the Understanding of Self Starvation," International Journal of Eating Disorders 22 (1997): 385–394.
76. K. M. Pike and A. Borovoy, "The Rise of Eating Disorders in Japan: Issues of Culture and Limitations of the Model of ‘Westernization,’ " Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry 28 (2004): 493–531.
第五章 关于食物的记忆
1. A. Damasio, Self Comes to Mind (New York: Pantheon, 2010).
2. L. R. Squire, "Memory and the Hippocampus: A Synthesis from Findings with Rats, Monkeys, and Humans," Psychological Review 99 (1992): 195–231.
3. J. R. Manns and H. Eichenbaum, "Evolution of Declarative Memory," Hippocampus 16 (2006): 795–808, quote from 795.
4. J. Nolte, The Human Brain: An Introduction to Its Functional Anatomy, 5th ed. (St. Louis: Mosby, 2002).
5. See J. S. Allen, The Lives of the Brain: Human Evolution and the Organ of Mind (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2009), 92–99.
6. R. Carter, Mapping the Mind (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999); B. Carey, "H. M., an Unforgettable Amnesiac, Dies at 82," New York Times, December 5, 2008; S. Corkin, "What's New with the Amnesic Patient H. M. ?" Nature Reviews Neuroscience 3 (2002): 153–160.
7. In a study I did with my colleagues Dan Tranel, Joel Bruss, and Hanna Damasio, we mea sured the size of the hippocampus in a group of patients who had experienced oxygen deprivation for various lengths of time. These anoxic events can result from carbon dioxide poisoning, a severe asthma attack, cardiac arrest, near drowning, and so on. The hippocampus is particularly vulnerable to oxygen deprivation, and anoxic patients often suffer long- term amnesia. They retain their past memories, but their ability to form new memories is severely compromised. However, some anoxic patients have few or only mild memory problems. In mea sur ing the size of the hippocampus of these patients, we found that there was a strong correlation between the size of the hippocampus and whether or not, and to what extent, a patient suffered from amnesia. Individuals with more severe amnesia had had more of their hippocampus destroyed during the anoxic event, while those who were better at forming new memories tended to have a more intact hippocampus. A bigger hippocampus (in the sense of retaining more of the pre- anoxia hippocampus volume) was better in a functional sense. J. S. Allen et al., "Correlations between Regional Brain Volumes and Memory Per for mance in Anoxia," Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 28 (2006): 457–476.
8. S. Cavaco et al., "The Scope of Preserved Procedural Memory in Amnesia," Brain 127 (2004): 1853–1867.
9. J. M. Fuster, "Cortex and Memory: Emergence of a New Paradigm," Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 21 (2009): 2047–2072.
10. Ebert, Life Itself (New York: Hachette Book Group, 2011), 377–383.
11. A. Damasio, The Feeling of What Happens (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1999), 221.
12. K. M. Johnson, R. Boonstra, and J. M. Wojtowicz, "Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Food- Storing Red Squirrels: The Impact of Age and Spatial Behavior," Genes, Brain, and Behavior 9 (2010): 583–591.
13. Ibid.; D. F. Sherry, L. F. Jacobs, and S. J. C. Gaulin, "Spatial Memory and Adaptive Specialization of the Hippocampus," Trends in Neurosciences 15 (1992): 298–303.
14. H. J. Jerison, "Brain Size and the Evolution of Mind," James Arthur Lecture on the Evolution of the Human Brain, American Museum of Natural History, New York, 1991.
15. J. A. Amat et al., "Correlates of Intellectual Ability with Morphology of the Hippocampus and Amygdala in Healthy Adults," Brain and Cognition 66 (2008): 105–114.
16. E. A. Maguire et al., "Navigation- Related Structural Change in the Hippocampi of Taxi Drivers," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97 (2000): 4398–4403; E. A. Maguire, K. Woollett, and H. J. Spiers, "London Taxi Drivers and Bus Drivers: A Structural MRI Neuropsychological Analysis," Hippocampus 16 (2006): 1091–1101.
17. K. Woollett, J. Glensman, and E. A. Maguire, "Non- Spatial Expertise and Hippocampal Gray Matter Volume in Humans," Hippocampus 18(2008): 981–984.
18. T. L. Davidson et al., "A Potential Role for the Hippocampus in Energy Intake and Body Weight Regulation," Current Opinion in Pharmacology 7 (2007): 613–616.
19. N. Germain et al., "Constitutional Thinness and Lean Anorexia Nervosa Display Opposite Concentrations of Peptide YY, Glucagon- Like Peptide 1, Ghrelin, and Leptin," American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 85(2007): 967–971.
20. S. A. Farr, W. A. Banks, and J. E. Morley, "Effects of Leptin on Memory Pro cessing," Peptides 27 (2006): 1420–1425; J. Harvey, N. Solovyova, and A. Irving, "Leptin and Its Role in Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity,"Progress in Lipid Research 45 (2006): 369–378; P. R. Moult and J. Harvey,"Hormonal Regulation of Hippocampal Dendritic Morphology and Synaptic Plasticity," Cell Adhesion and Migration 2 (2008): 269–275.
21. P. K. Olszewski, H. B. Schi?th, and A. S. Levine, "Ghrelin in the CNS: From Hunger to a Rewarding and Memorable Meal?" Brain Research Reviews 58 (2008): 160–170.
22. Davidson et al., "Potential Role for the Hippocampus."
23. C. Messier, "Glucose Improvement of Memory: A Review," Eu ro pe an Journal of Pharmacology 490 (2004): 33–57.
24. Ibid.
25. A. L. Macready et al., "Flavonoids and Cognitive Function: A Review of Human Randomized Controlled Trial Studies and Recommendations for Future Studies," Genes and Nutrition 4 (2009): 227–243; J. P. E. Spencer, "The Impact of Fruit Flavonoids on Memory and Cognition,"British Journal of Nutrition 104 (2010): S40–S47.
26. Spencer, "Impact of Fruit Flavonoids."
27. G. W. Arendash and C. Cao, "Caffeine and Coffee as Therapeutics against Alzheimer's Disease," Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 20 (2010): S117–S126.
28. P. Wostyn et al., "Increased Cerebrospinal Fluid Production as a Possible Mechanism Underlying Caffeine's Protective Effect against Alzheimer's Disease," International Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 2011 (2011): 617420.
29. Arendash and Cao, "Caffeine and Coffee."
30. W. Grimes, "First, a Little Something from the Chef... Very, Very Little," New York Times, July 22, 1998.
31. D. R. Paul et al., "Validation of a Food Frequency Questionnaire by Direct Mea sure ment of Habitual Ad Libitum Food Intake," American Journal of Epidemiology 162 (2005): 806–814; A. F. Subar et al., "Comparative Validation of the Block, Willett, and National Cancer Institute Food Frequency Questionnaires," American Journal of Epidemiology 154 (2001): 1089–1099.
32. Paul et al., "Validation of a Food Frequency Questionnaire"; Subar et al., "Comparative Validation"; W. Willett, "A Further Look at Dietary Questionnaire Validation," American Journal of Epidemiology 154 (2001): 1100–1102; G. Block, "Another Perspective on Food Frequency Questionnaires," American Journal of Epidemiology 154 (2001): 1103–1104.
33. Paul et al., "Validation of a Food Frequency Questionnaire," 812.
34. Willett, "A Further Look at Dietary Questionnaire Validation," 1100.
35. B. Wansink, Mindless Eating: Why We Eat More Than We Think (New York: Bantam, 2006).
36. Ibid., 40.
37. P. Rozin et al., "What Causes Humans to Begin and End a Meal? A Role for Memory for What Has Been Eaten, as Evidenced by a Study of Multiple Meal Eating in Amnesic Patients," Psychological Science 9 (1998): 392–396.
38. Ibid., 394.
39. S. Higgs et al., "Sensory- Specifi c Satiety Is Intact in Amnesics Who Eat Multiple Meals," Psychological Science 19 (2008): 623–628.
40. I. L. Bernstein, "Food Aversion Learning: A Risk Factor of Nutritional Problems in the El der ly," Physiology and Behavior 66 (1999): 199–201; C. C. Horn, "Why Is the Neurobiology of Nausea and Vomiting So Important?" Appetite 50 (2008): 430–434.
41. P. Rozin, "Psychobiological Perspectives on Food Preferences and Avoidances," in Food and Evolution: Toward a Theory of Human Food Habits, ed. M. Harris and E. B. Ross, 181–205 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1987).
42. F. Bermúdez- Rattoni, "Molecular Mechanisms of Taste- Recognition Memory," Nature Reviews Neuroscience 5 (2004): 209–217.
43. Ibid.
44. K. Koops, W. C. McGrew, and T. Matsuzawa, "Do Chimpanzees(Pan troglodytes) Use Cleavers and Anvils to Fracture Treculia africana Fruits? Preliminary Data on a New Form of Percussive Technology," Primates 51 (2010): 175–178; W. C. McGrew, "Primatology: Advanced Ape Technology," Current Biology 14 (2004): R1046–R1047; D. J. Povinelli, J. E. Reaux, and S. H. Frey, "Chimpanzees’ Context- Dependent Tool Use Provides Evidence for Separable Repre sen ta tions of Hand and Tool Even during Active Use within Peripersonal Space," Neuropsychologia 48 (2010): 243–247.
45. A. D. Baddeley, "Is Working Memory Still Working?" American Psychologist 56 (2001): 851–864.
46. F. L. Coo lidge and T. Wynn, "Working Memory, Its Executive Functions, and the Emergence of Modern Thinking," Cambridge Archaeological Journal 15 (2005): 5–26; T. Wynn and F. L. Coo lidge, "Beyond Symbolism and Language: An Introduction to Supplement 1, Working Memory,"Current Anthropology 51 (2010): S5–S16. The concept of the "modern mind"should be taken with a grain of salt, because it presupposes an ability to precisely defi ne modern as opposed to premodern, and to sharply demarcate those hominins who possessed a modern mind from those who did not. See J. J. Shea, "Homo sapiens Is as Homo sapiens Was," Current Anthropology 52(2011): 1–35.
47. D. E. J. Linden, "The Working Memory Networks of the Human Brain," Neuroscientist 13 (2007): 257–267; D. M. Barch and E. Smith, "The Cognitive Neuroscience of Working Memory: Relevance to CNTRICS and Schizo phre nia," Biological Psychiatry 64 (2008): 11–17; T. Klingberg,"Training and Plasticity of Working Memory," Trends in Cognitive Sciences 14 (2010): 317–324.
48. C. P. Beaman, "Working Memory and Working Attention," Current Anthropology 51 (2010): S27–S38; M. N. Haidle, "Working- Memory Capacity and the Evolution of Modern Cognitive Potential," Current Anthropology 51 (2010):S149–S166.
49. Shea, "Homo sapiens Is as Homo sapiens Was."
50. G. O. Einstein et al., "Multiple Pro cesses in Prospective Memory Retrieval: Factors Determining Monitoring Versus Spontaneous Retrieval,"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 134 (2005): 327–342; J. Fish, B. A. Wilson, and T. Manly, "The Assessment and Rehabilitation of Prospective Memory Problems in People with Neurological Disorders: A Review," Neuropsychological Rehabilitation 20 (2010): 161–179.
51. Fish, Wilson, and Manly, "Assessment and Rehabilitation"; P. W. Burgess, "Strategy Application Disorder: The Role of the Frontal Lobes in Human Multitasking," Psychological Research 63 (2000): 279–288; P. W. Burgess, A. Quayle, and C. D. Frith, "Brain Regions Involved in Prospective Memory as Determined by Positron Emission Tomography," Neuropsychologia 39 (2001): 545; H. E. M. den Ouden et al., "Thinking about Intentions," NeuroImage 28 (2005): 787–796; Y. Wang et al., "Meta- Analysis of Prospective Memory in Schizo phre nia: Nature, Extent, and Correlates," Schizo phrenia Research 114 (2009): 64–70.
52. R. Wrangham, Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human (New York: Basic Books, 2009).
53. D. E. Sutton, Remembrance of Repasts (Oxford: Berg, 2001); D. E. Sutton, "A Tale of Easter Ovens: Food and Collective Memory," Social Research 75 (2008): 157–180.
54. Sutton, Remembrance of Repasts, 28.
55. Ibid., 29.
56. T. Suddendorf, "Episodic Memory versus Episodic Foresight: Simi larities and Differences," Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Cognitive Sciences 1 (2009): 99–107; T. Suddendorf and M. C. Corballis, "The Evolution of Foresight: What Is Mental Time Travel, and Is It Unique to Humans?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 30 (2007): 299–351; T. Suddendorf, D. R. Addis, and M. C. Corballis, "Mental Time Travel and the Shaping of the Human Mind," Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 364 (2009): 1317–1324.
57. Suddendorf, "Episodic Memory."
58. J. D. Holtzman, "Food and Memory," Annual Review of Anthropology 35 (2006): 361–378.
59. J. Siskind, "The Invention of Thanksgiving: A Ritual of American Nationality," Critique of Anthropology 12 (1992): 167–191, quote from 185.
60. M. Halbwachs, The Collective Memory (New York: Harper and Row Colophon, 1980), 44.
第六章 好食物、坏食物
1. A. Escoffi er, Memories of My Life, trans. L. Escoffi er (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1997), 33.
2. See, for example, M. Douglas, Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Con cepts of Pollution and Taboo (New York: Praeger, 1966); M. Harris, Good to Eat: Riddles of Food and Culture (Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland, 1985).
3. R. J. Sullivan and E. H. Hagen, "Psychotropic Substance- Seeking: Evolutionary Pathology or Adaptation?" Addiction 97 (2002): 389–400.
4. J. Waugh, "DNA Barcoding in Animal Species: Progress, Potential, and Pitfalls," BioEssays 29 (2007): 188–197; see also the PhyloCode Project at www.ohio.edu/ phylocode/ index.html.
5. S. Atran, "Folk Biology and the Anthropology of Science: Cognitive Universals and Cultural Particulars," Behavioral and Brain Sciences 21 (1998): 547–609; M. Bang, D. L. Medin, and S. Atran, "Cultural Mosaics and Mental Models of Nature," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104 (2007): 13868–13874.
6. Atran, "Folk Biology and the Anthropology of Science."
7. R. Bulmer, "Why Is the Cassowary Not a Bird? A Problem of Zoological Taxonomy among the Karam of the New Guinea Highlands," Man 2 (n.s.) (1967): 5–25; I. S. Majnep and R. N. H. Bulmer, Bird of My Kalam Country (Mnmon yad Kalam Yakt) (Auckland: Auckland University Press, 1977).
8. Bulmer, "Why Is the Cassowary Not a Bird?"
9. Ibid., 17.
10. S. R. Kellert, "The Biological Basis for Human Values of Nature," in The Biophilia Hypothesis, ed. S. R. Kellert and E. O. Wilson, 42–72 (Washington, DC: Island Press, 1993).
11. F. G. Ashby et al., "A Neuropsychological Theory of Multiple Systems of Category Learning," Psychological Review 105 (1998): 442–481; F. G. Ashby and W. T. Maddox, "Human Category Learning," Annual Review of Psychology 56 (2005): 149–178; B. Z. Mahon and A. Caramazza, "Concepts and Categories: A Cognitive Neuropsychological Perspective," Annual Review of Psychology 60 (2009): 27–51.
12. Ashby and Maddox, "Human Category Learning."
13. Ibid., 167.
14. C. Piras, Culinaria Italy: Pasta, Pesto, Passion (Potsdam: H. F. Ullmann, 2007).
15. Ashby et al., "A Neuropsychological Theory."
16. H. McGee, On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen (New York: Scribner, 2004), 153.
17. Ashby and Maddox, "Human Category Learning," 169.
18. C. A. Seger and E. K. Miller, "Category Learning in the Brain," Annual Review of Neuroscience 33 (2010): 203–219, quote from 213.
19. P. Fusar- Poli et al., "Functional Atlas of Emotional Faces Processing: A Voxel- Based Meta- Analysis of 105 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies," Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience 34 (2009): 418–432.
20. J. S. Foer, Eating Animals (New York: Back Bay Books, 2009), 6.
21. G. A. Miller and P. M. Gildea, "How Children Learn Words," in The Emergence of Language: Development and Evolution, ed. W. S. - Y. Wang, 150–158 (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1991).
22. Oxford Dictionaries Online, "How Many Words Are There in the En glish Language?" 2010, www.oxforddictionaries.com/ page/ 93.
23. P. T. Schoenemann, "Syntax as an Emergent Characteristic of the Evolution of Semantic Complexity," Minds and Machines 9 (1999): 309–346.
24. S. Savage- Rumbaugh and D. Rumbaugh, "The Emergence of Lan guage," in Tools, Language, and Cognition in Human Evolution, ed. K. R. Gibson and T. Ingold, 86–108 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993); S. Savage- Rumbaugh, S. G. Shanker, and T. J. Taylor, Apes, Language, and the Human Mind (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998); P. T. Schoenemann, "Conceptual Complexity and the Brain: Understanding Language Origins," in Language Acquisition, Change, and Emergence: Essays in Evolutionary Linguistics, ed. W. S. - Y. Wang and J. W. Minett, 47–94 (Hong Kong: City University of Hong Kong Press, 2005).
25. For a discussion of theories of language origins and the brain, see J. S. Allen, The Lives of the Brain: Human Evolution and the Organ of Mind(Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2009), 232–272.
26. J. Paint er, J. - H. Rah, and Y. - K. Lee, "Comparison of International Food Guide Pictorial Repre sen ta tions," Journal of the American Dietetic Association 102 (2002): 483–489, quote from 489.
27. M. Nestle, Food Politics: How the Food Industry Infl uences Nutrition and Health, rev. ed. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007).
28. Ibid., 27; S. P. Murphy and S. I. Barr, "Food Guides Refl ect Similarities and Differences in Dietary Guidance in Three Countries ( Japan, Canada, and the United States)," Nutrition Reviews 65 (2007): 141–148.
29. S. W. Katamay et al., "Eating Well with Canada's Food Guide (2007): Development of the Food Intake Pattern," Nutrition Reviews 65 (2007): 155–166; N. Yoshiike et al., "A New Food Guide in Japan: The Japa nese Food Guide Spinning Top," Nutrition Reviews 65 (2007): 149–154.
30. M. Pollan, In Defense of Food: An Eater's Manifesto (New York: Pen guin, 2008).
31. G. Taubes, Good Calories, Bad Calories (New York: Anchor Books, 2007).
32. Ibid., 28.
33. C. D. Naylor and J. M. Paterson, "Cholesterol Policy and the Primary Prevention of Coronary Disease: Refl ections on Clinical and Population Strategies," Annual Review of Nutrition 16 (1996): 349–382.
34. A. M. Brownawell and M. C. Falk, "Cholesterol: Where Science and Public Health Policy Intersect," Nutrition Reviews 68 (2010): 355–364.
35. Ibid.
36. Ibid., 361.
37. Naylor and Paterson, "Cholesterol Policy and the Primary Prevention of Coronary Disease."
38. Taubes, Good Calories, Bad Calories. See page 19.
39. J. Haidt et al., "Body, Psyche, and Culture: The Relationship between Disgust and Morality," Psychology and Developing Societies 9 (1997): 107–131, quote from 121.
40. A. R. Damasio, Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain (New York: Avon, 1994).
41. Ibid., 173.
42. C. M. Funk and M. S. Gazzaniga, "The Functional Brain Architecture of Human Morality," Current Opinion in Neurobiology 19 (2009): 678–681.
43. T. Wheatley and J. Haidt, "Hypnotic Disgust Makes Moral Judgments More Severe," Psychological Science 16 (2005): 780–784.
44. J. S. Borg, D. Lieberman, and K. A. Kiehl, "Infection, Incest, and Iniquity: Investigating the Neural Correlates of Disgust and Morality,"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 20 (2008): 1529–1546.
45. J. Wechsberg, Blue Trout and Black Truffl es (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1954).
第七章 食物与创造之旅
1. S. Kawamura, "The Pro cess of Sub- Culture Propagation among Japa nese Macaques," Primates 2 (1959): 43–54.
2. T. Keller, S. Heller, and M. Ruhlman, The French Laundry Cookbook(New York: Artisan, 1999). Quote from p. 3.
3. F. Adrià, J. Soler, and A. Adrià, A Day at El Bulli: An Insight into the Ideas, Methods, and Creativity of Ferran Adrià (London: Phaidon, 2008).
4. Ibid., insert between 240 and 241.
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6. G. Cochran and H. Harpending, The 10,000 Year Explosion (New York: Basic Books, 2009), 127.
7. D. K. Simonton, Origins of Genius: Darwinian Perspectives on Creativity (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999).
8. A. Flaherty, "Frontotemporal and Dopaminergic Control of Idea Generation and Creative Drive," Journal of Comparative Neurology 493 (2005): 147–153, quote from 147.
9. G. Miller, The Mating Mind (New York: Anchor Books, 2000).
10. S. Blackmore, The Meme Machine (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999).
11. C. Stanford, J. S. Allen, and S. C. Antón, Biological Anthropology: The Natural History of Humankind, 2nd ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: PrenticeHall, 2009).
12. Discussed in T. I. Lubart, "Models of the Creative Pro cess: Past, Present, and Future," Creativity Research Journal 13 (2000–2001): 295–308.
13. Ibid.
14. V. Drago et al., "What's Inside the Art? The Infl uence of Frontotemporal Dementia in Art Production," Neurology 67 (2006): 1285–1287.
15. L. C. de Souza et al., "Poor Creativity in Frontotemporal Dementia: A Window into the Neural Basis of the Creative Mind," Neuropsychologia 48 (2010): 3733–3742.
16. Ibid.
17. Flaherty, "Frontotemporal and Dopaminergic Control."
18. R. E. Jung et al., "Neuroanatomy of Creativity," Human Brain Mapping 31 (2010): 398–409. The Creative Achievement Questionnaire is designed to assess creativity in ten different domains (visual arts, music, etc.); Jung and colleagues also mea sured "divergent thinking" (another experimental proxy for creativity) using a variety of design tasks, with the results consensually assessed by raters into a "composite creativity index." Magnetic resonance images of the subjects’ brains (there were sixty- one subjects in total) were compared to one another, and a computer program was used to mea sure the correlation between the various creative mea sures and the cortical thickness— the surface gray matter— of the subjects’brains.
19. H. Takeuchi et al., "Regional Gray Matter Volume of Dopaminergic System Associate with Creativity: Evidence from Voxel- Based Morphometry," NeuroImage 51 (2010): 578–585.
20. O. de Manzano et al., "Thinking Outside a Less Intact Box: Thalamic Dopamine D2 Receptor Densities Are Negatively Related to Psychometric Creativity in Healthy Individuals," PLoS One 5 (2010): e10670.
21. Flaherty, "Frontotemporal and Dopaminergic Control."
22. A. Harrington, Medicine, Mind, and the Double Brain (Prince ton: Prince ton University Press, 1987); S. Finger, Minds Behind the Brain (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000).
23. R. Sperry, "Roger W. Sperry— Nobel Lecture," 1981. Available at Nobelprize.org, http:// nobelprize.org/ nobel_prizes/ medicine/ laureates/ 1981/sperry-lecture.html.
24. M. Jung- Beeman et al., "Neural Activity When People Solve Verbal Problems with Insight," PLoS Biology 2 (2004): 0500–0510.
25. A. Dietrich and R. Kanso, "A Review of EEG, ERP, and Neuroimaging Studies of Creativity and Insight," Psychological Bulletin 136 (2010): 822–848; R. D. Whitman, E. Holcomb, and J. Zanes, "Hemispheric Collaboration in Creative Subjects: Cross- Hemisphere Priming in a Lexical Decision Task," Creativity Research Journal 22 (2010): 109–118.
26. K. M. Mihov, M. Denzler, and J. F?rster, "Hemispheric Specialization and Creative Thinking: A Meta- Analytic Review of Lateralization of Creativity," Brain and Cognition 72 (2010): 442–448.
27. R. E. Jung et al., "White Matter Integrity, Creativity, and Psychopathology: Disentangling Constructs with Diffusion Tensor Imaging," PLoS One 5 (2010): e9818.
28. S. T. Hunter, K. E. Bedell, and M. D. Mumford, "Climate for Creativity: A Quantitative Review," Creativity Research Journal 19 (2007): 69–90.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid.
31. V. Chossat and O. Gergaud, "Expert Opinion and Gastronomy: The Recipe for Success," Journal of Cultural Economics 27 (2003): 127–141.
32. Adrià, Soler, and Adrià, A Day at El Bulli; Achatz, Alinea; Keller, Heller, and Ruhlman, The French Laundry Cookbook.
33. J. - S. Horng and M. - L. Hu, "The Mystery in the Kitchen: Culinary Creativity," Creativity Research Journal 20 (2008): 221–230; J. - S. Horng and M. - L. Hu, "The Creative Culinary Pro cess: Constructing and Extending a Four- Component Model," Creativity Research Journal 21 (2009): 376–383.
34. See www.foodandwine.com/ best_new_chefs/ by_name[0].
35. L. Heldke, "Let's Cook Thai: Recipes for Colonialism," in Food and Culture: A Reader, ed. C. Counihan and P. van Esterik, 2nd ed., 327–341(New York: Routledge, 2008).
36. Ibid., 334.
37. J. Anderson, The American Century Cookbook (New York: Clarkson Potter, 1997), 3.
38. Amana Heritage Society, Guten Appetit from Amana Kitchens (Amana, IA: Amana Preservation Foundation, 1985).
39. J. Baer and J. C. Kaufman, "Gender Differences in Creativity," Journal of Creative Behavior 42 (2008): 75–105, quote from 98.
第八章 心智理论与食物理论
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3. A. M. Leslie, " ‘Theory of Mind’ as a Mechanism of Selective Attention," in The New Cognitive Neurosciences, ed. M. S. Gazzaniga, 2nd ed., 1235–1247 (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000).
4. Ibid., 1235.
5. S. Baron- Cohen, "The Cognitive Neuroscience of Autism: Evolutionary Approaches," in The New Cognitive Neurosciences, ed. M. S. Gazzaniga, 2nd ed., 1249–1257 (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000); G. J. Pickup, "Relationship between Theory of Mind and Executive Function in Schizo phre nia: A Systematic Review," Psychopathology 41 (2008): 206–213.
6. S. Baron- Cohen, "Autism: The Empathizing- Systemizing (E-S) The ory," Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1156 (2009): 68–80, quote from 69.
7. S. J. Carrington and A. J. Bailey, "Are There Theory of Mind Regions in the Brain? A Review of the Neuroimaging Literature," Human Brain Mapping 30 (2008): 2313–2335.
8. M. A. Just and S. Varma, "The Or ga ni za tion of Thinking: What Functional Brain Imaging Reveals about the Neuroarchitecture of Complex Cognition," Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Neuroscience 7 (2007): 153–191.
9. Ibid., 154.
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11. J. Call and M. Tomasello, "Does the Chimpanzee Have a Theory of Mind? 30 Years Later," Trends in Cognitive Sciences 12 (2008): 187–192.
12. Ibid., 131.
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15. K. R. Daffner, "Promoting Successful Cognitive Aging: A Comprehensive Review," Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 19 (2010): 1101–1022; B. R. Reed et al., "Cognitive Activities during Adulthood Are More Important than Education in Building Reserve," Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 17 (2011): 615–624.
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